IFAO

L’astérisme du Chariot (ou de la Casserole), nommé msḫtjw [...] en égyptien, offre dans les documents anciens une fascinante polysémie et porte en soi un bagage symbolique remarquable. De son identification à l’herminette dans les Textes des Pyramides au taureau hybride des temples ptolémaïques en passant par le khepesh des Moyen et Nouvel Empires, ses multiples formes renvoient toutes à un contexte mythologique et pragmatique de grand intérêt. Ainsi, bien que l’astérisme ait été identifié depuis longtemps dans la littérature égyptologique, l’origine de ses différentes formes et son évolution diachronique n’a jamais été explicitement et systématiquement décrite. C’est ce que propose de faire l’auteur du présent article à travers l’étude des nombreuses occurrences de msḫtjw depuis ses premières apparitions à l’Ancien Empire à son emploi dans les scènes astronomiques gréco-romaines.

The asterism, presently called the Big Dipper (or the Plough) and entitled msḫtjw [...] in Egyptian, offers a fascinating polysemy, bearing a great symbolic background. From its identification to an adze in the Pyramid Texts to the hybrid bull in Ptolemaic temples through the Middle and New Kingdom khepesh, its multiple forms are all linked to a deep mythological and pragmatic context. Thus, even though this asterism was identified long time ago in Egyptological literature, the origin of its various forms and its diachronic evolution have never been explicitly and systematically described. This is therefore the major aim of the present paper, through the study of the numerous occurrences of msḫtjw, from its Old Kingdom attestations to its use in Greco-Roman astronomical scenes.

La combinaison d’une étude approfondie de la documentation archéologique et philologique relative aux « chapelles de confréries » de Deir el-Médina, ainsi qu’aux chapelles privées d’Amarna, avec la découverte de dispositifs similaires et d’une mention de ḥmst sur le site de Doukki Gel (Soudan) permet de progresser dans la connaissance de ces pratiques à la fois religieuses et sociales, individuelles et collectives au deuxième comme au premier millénaire avant J.-C. Les observations ainsi obtenues sont confortées par le dossier des règlements d’associations de Basse Époque, des périodes hellénistique et romaine. L’expression ḥmsj nfr en particulier est revisitée dans les divers contextes où elle apparaît. La traduction « bon compagnon », attestée comme épithète de Thot dans le cadre de la légende de l’Œil du Soleil dès l’époque ramesside, est proposée pour les inscriptions qui figurent sur les sièges de Deir el-Médina et pour le groupe statuaire Berlin 6910.

The combination of a comprehensive study of the archaeological and philological documentation on the so-called “chapelles de confréries” of Deir el-Medina, the private chapels of Amarna and the discovery of similar devices as well as a mention of ḥmst on the site of Dukki Gel (Sudan), allow some progress to be made in the knowledge of these practices, both religious and social, individual and collective, during the second and the first millennium BC. The observations obtained are supported by the papyri recording the rules of Late period, Hellenistic and Roman associations. Especially the expression ḥmsj nfr is revisited in various contexts where it appears. The translation “good companion”, attested as an epithet of Thot in the frame of the legend of the Eye of the Sun from the Ramesside period, is proposed for the inscriptions on the Deir el Medina seats and for the statuary group Berlin 6910.

Le port occupe une place importante dans l’imaginaire musulman. D’un point de vue économique, les ports sont des maillons essentiels des circuits commerciaux et constituent des sources de profits conséquents. Socialement, les ports sont des lieux de voyage, de pèlerinages et d’échanges entre civilisations. Politiquement, les ports sont des lieux stratégiques, frontières et points de conquête entre la mer et la terre. Les fortifications portuaires sont un symbole de prestige pour une cité, la muraille affirmant la richesse des habitants et la citadelle la puissance des dirigeants. La compréhension de la militarisation d’un port implique de distinguer ce qui relève de la volonté d’assurer la défense d’un territoire et ce qui tient à l’ambition d’exercer un contrôle sur les biens et les hommes. Les fortifications jouent un rôle actif dans la régulation et le contrôle de l’économie avec des murailles et des portes permettant aux douanes de taxer les produits échangés. L’étude de l’architecture militaire en milieu littoral permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre les Musulmans et la mer sur la longue durée depuis la Conquête arabe jusqu’à l’Empire ottoman, et de la mer Méditerranée jusqu’à l’océan Indien.

This work, stem from a doctoral dissertation, aims at demonstrating that referring to birth and its practical modalities is an essential aspect of Ancient Egypt’s funerary beliefs. From the Pyramid Texts to the books of the afterlife in the New Kingdom, funerary writings of Egypt are full of allusions to post mortem fate viewed as a second birth, which imitates more or less precisely the biological process of the first. Be he king or an ordinary man, the dead is carried in gestation by one or several divine mothers and is born again in the afterworld;  there,  his umbilical cord is cut, he is washed, fed and cared for like a newborn child. Numerous mythical elements join the purely practical ones, thus reinventing the biological model and showing the intermingling of both the worldly and the cosmic levels. Thanks to this cyclic process, not only does the deceased access the hereafter, but he is also eternally alive there.

The introduction of the record album in the field of the oral music tradition brings about a break that is as abrupt as it is complete. On the one hand, as an example of objectification, the act of recording undermines the ontological status of the oral musical form; the latter, being fixed on the technical support, acquires a specific material reality and can, therefore, be freed from the traditional environment in which it had remained enclosed. On the other hand, record albums, as commodities, carry ontological reversal to a universal dimension, as a result of which the musical form incorporates the effects of mass commercialization. Hence, such a subversion results in an aesthetic phenomenon of disenchantment. This article analyzes this phenomenon in the cultural context of the Arab world through three symptomatic aspects: 1. increased aesthetic rationality; 2. the intrusion of heterogeneity into musical form; 3. aesthetic reification. In this regard, I refer to the thought of Critical Theory, and more particularly to certain categories developed by Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno.

The first commercial recordings of Yemeni music were produced in Aden in the late 1930s, at the time of British colonization. These 78 RPM records were first published by a foreign company, Odeon, followed by several local companies, including Aden Crown, Jafferphon and Tahaphon. All of the urban musical traditions of Yemen—ṣanʿānī, laḥǧī, ḥaḍramī, etc.—soon gained recognition and were broadcasted throughout the country in the years between 1935 and 1960, in spite of the ban on music in the north. These first recordings, which are estimated to comprise several thousand records, are still largely unknown. Establishing a chronology has proven difficult, since the various documents that are available are never dated, and many other documents, such as articles from the press, are not currently accessible.

This research must therefore resort to a kind of “industrial and musical archaeology” which attempts to define approximate ranges of dates, periods and temporal correlations. At the same time, the current “wild patrimonialization” on the Internet of these music styles as a cultural heritage allows easy access to many sound recordings on mainstream platforms, particularly YouTube. While this represents great progress in the inventory process, it also implies a very haphazard storage solution for which researchers must try to compensate through increased efforts in documentation, in particular by the development of a database. The reception of the records by the Yemeni society during these twenty-five prolific years shows us that they had an important influence on the musical practice, as well as on a more subtle aspect of Yemeni music: the definition of regional genres which was of great importance in building the cultural identity of the Yemeni people, even until more recent times.

This article proposes a politically and culturally situated preliminary reading of the biographical and artistic trajectory of Aziz El‑Shawan (1916–1993), a cosmopolitan and nationalist Egyptian composer. The article characterizes the two cosmopolitan cultural formations in Cairo in which he partook and their impact on his career and music: a «modernist capitalist» formation which developed within the framework of colonial rule and the Egyptian monarchy from the late nineteenth century up to the 1952 Egyptian revolution; and a «modernist ­socialist» formation, partly configured by Soviet political and cultural influence, from the late 1950s up to the early 1970s. The article describes how Aziz El‑Shawan became a composer, the phases of his artistic and professional career and his musical style.

Halim el-Dabh (1921-2017) is a collector of “traditional” music and a pioneer of electronic music. He is currently being rediscovered by a new generation of Egyptian musicians who see him as a national precursor. In 1944, El-Dabh composed one of the earliest electronic compositions in history, based on selected and transformed sounds from his own recordings, made in his hometown of Cairo. Such works, and the career of this eclectic musician, both a composer and an academic, shed new light on the production and restitution of anthropological knowledge, which is not so much developed from the act of “writing cultures” as from that of recording and restoring them in different forms, including artistic ones. This text focuses on Halim El-Dabh’s youth in order to retrace his path in a technological and cultural moment of Egypt’s history, while relating it to more global dynamics. Like other 20th century figures, Halim El-Dabh developed new ways of linking collection, research and creation. The practices and itineraries of these figures question the colonial and neo-colonial dynamics of collecting, preserving and restoring music and, more broadly, the production of knowledge.

While in the Arab world, the totality of Umm Kulṯūm’s repertoire is currently considered as being “classical” both in the sense of its highly regarded status in the artistic hierarchy as well as that of its propaedeutic value; to which extent does it actually qualify as “art music” and what traces of the Nahḍa school has it retained? Starting from the term waṣla, employed throughout her career to identify a song during a concert, the article presents an appraisal of our present knowledge of the singer’s performance policy, which has greatly increased since the internet diffusion of most of her concerts, in addition to the commercially distributed versions of her songs. It suggests that Umm Kulṯūm’s metric (muwaqqaʿ) and non-metric (mursal) improvisations are the forms in which a continuity between her art and the ­aesthetic principles of the former school of court musicians is best observed. Two renditions of Salū kuʾūs al-ṭilā illustrate the successive vicissitudes of the “traditional” learned form known as qaṣīda ʿalā al-waḥda.

Despite the importance of the financial administrators of Egypt (aṣḥāb al-ḫarāǧ) and their basic role in the administration system in the early Islamic period, historical sources don’t provide sufficient information about them. On the other hand, hundreds of papyri from ­al-Ušmūnayn province still exist. These papyri, especially tax receipts, contain many names and some information about the financial directors of Egypt during the 2nd-3rd/8th-9th centuries. Some of the financial directors are not mentioned in other historical sources, but al-Ušmūnayn Arabic papyri provide some new information about known directors and introduce new ones.